Albert Camus

1913–1960

Jacques Derrida

1930–2004

Augustine of Hippo

354 AD–430 AD

Frantz Fanon

1925–1961

Malek Bennabi

1905–1973

Hélène Cixous

Mohammed Chaouki Zine

William James

1842–1910

John Dewey

1859–1952

John Rawls

1921–2002

Charles Sanders Peirce

1839–1914

Richard Rorty

1931–2007

Hilary Putnam

1926–2016

Henry David Thoreau

1817–1862

Cornel West

Ralph Waldo Emerson

1803–1882

Saul Kripke

Robert Nozick

1938–2002

Thomas Jefferson

1743–1826

Willard Van Orman Quine

1908–2000

Daniel Dennett

Josiah Royce

1855–1916

Noam Chomsky

John Searle

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889–1951

Alfred North Whitehead

1861–1947

Thomas Nagel

Jonathan Edwards

1703–1758

Martha Nussbaum

George Santayana

1863–1952

Judith Butler

Donald Davidson

1917–2003

Ronald Dworkin

1931–2013

Michael J. Sandel

David Lewis

1941–2001

Alvin Plantinga

Hubert Dreyfus

Thomas Kuhn

1922–1996

Judith Jarvis Thomson

Alasdair MacIntyre

Ayn Rand

1905–1982

George Herbert Mead

1863–1931

Jerry Fodor

Charles Hartshorne

1897–2000

Chauncey Wright

1830–1875

Ralph Barton Perry

1876–1957

John Fiske

1842–1901

Sam Harris

Allan Bloom

1930–1992

Peter van Inwagen

Murray Rothbard

1926–1995

Mortimer J. Adler

1902–2001

Stanley Cavell

Leo Strauss

1899–1973

Hannah Arendt

1906–1975

Nelson Goodman

1906–1998

Paul Churchland

Arthur Danto

1924–2013

Mario Bunge

Alejandro Korn

1860–1936

José Ingenieros

1877–1925

José Pablo Feinmann

Leonardo Castellani

1899–1981

Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra

Gregorio Klimovsky

1922–2009

Jordán Bruno Genta

1909–1974

Ada Albrecht

Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz

1898–1959

Enrique Dussel

Facundo Cabral

1937–2011

Eduardo Rabossi

1930–2005

Jorge Guilhermo Borges

1874–1938

George Gurdjieff

1866–1949

David the Invincible

Karen Swassjan

Vazgen I

1908–1994

P. D. Ouspensky

1878–1947

Vardan Areveltsi

1198–1271

Peter Singer

David Chalmers

Graham Oppy

John Anderson

1893–1962

David Stove

1927–1994

Frank Knopfelmacher

1923–1995

Genevieve Lloyd

David Malet Armstrong

1926–2014

John Passmore

1914–2004

J. L. Mackie

1917–1981

Nick Trakakis

J. J. C. Smart

1920–2012

William Mitchell

1861–1962

Damon Young

Michael Devitt

James Franklin

Raimond Gaita

Michael A. Smith

Nicholas Agar

Warwick Fox

Rafe Champion

John Finnis

Margaret Somerville

Eugene Kamenka

1928–1994

Brian O'Shaughnessy

1925–2010

Daniel Ross

Ian Robinson

Keith Campbell

Colin Murray Turbayne

1916–2006

Jean Curthoys

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889–1951

Sigmund Freud

1856–1939

Friedrich Hayek

1899–1992

Ludwig von Mises

1881–1973

Friedrich Waismann

1896–1959

Ernst Mach

1838–1916

Alexius Meinong

1853–1920

Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn

1909–1999

Martin Buber

1878–1965

Christian von Ehrenfels

1859–1932

Otto Neurath

1882–1945

Paul Feyerabend

1924–1994

Karl Popper

1902–1994

Rudolf Steiner

1861–1925

Othmar Spann

1878–1950

Alfred Schütz

1899–1959

Kurt Gödel

1906–1978

André Gorz

1923–2007

Hans Kelsen

1881–1973

Ernst Mally

1879–1944

Ivan Illich

1926–2002

Herbert Feigl

1902–1988

Wilhelm Jerusalem

1854–1923

Hans Köchler

Otto Bauer

1881–1938

Gustav Bergmann

1906–1987

Gerhard Streminger

Volker Zotz

Karl Leonhard Reinhold

1757–1823

Wolfgang Stegmüller

1923–1991

Robert von Zimmermann

1824–1898

Helene von Druskowitz

1856–1918

Martin A. Hainz

Nathan Birnbaum

1864–1937

Martin Balluch

Theodor Gomperz

1832–1912

Hubert Schleichert

Gustav Kafka

1883–1953

Paul Edwards

1923–2004

Günther Anders

1902–1992

Georg Jellinek

1851–1911

Frithjof Bergmann

Victor Kraft

1880–1975

Heinrich Gomperz

1873–1942

Nachman Krochmal

1785–1840

Felix Kaufmann

1895–1949

Oskar Ewald

1881–1940

Olga Hahn-Neurath

1882–1937

Rose Rand

1903–1980

Kurt Rudolf Fischer

1922–2014

Rudolf Maria Holzapfel

1874–1930

Suzanne Lilar

1901–1992

Herman Van Breda

1911–1974

Chaïm Perelman

1912–1984

Etienne Vermeersch

Isabelle Stengers

Claude Lévi-Strauss

1908–2009

Paul de Man

1919–1983

Chantal Maillard

Philippe Van Parijs

S. N. Balagangadhara

Gerardus Mercator

1512–1594

Paul Nougé

1895–1967

Jean-Pierre Van Rossem

Paulo Freire

1921–1997

Olavo de Carvalho

Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Marilena de Souza Chaui

Celso Lafer

Benedito Nunes

1929–2011

Luiz Felipe Pondé

Luiz Eduardo Soares

Claude Lévi-Strauss

1908–2009

Mario Sergio Cortella

John Locke

1632–1704

Thomas Hobbes

1588–1679

John Stuart Mill

1806–1873

Bertrand Russell

1872–1970

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889–1951

Jeremy Bentham

1748–1832

G. E. Moore

1873–1958

A. J. Ayer

1910–1989

Francis Bacon

1561–1626

David Hume

1711–1776

F. H. Bradley

1846–1924

Roger Bacon

Derek Parfit

Karl Popper

1902–1994

J. L. Austin

1911–1960

Isaiah Berlin

1909–1997

Gilbert Ryle

1900–1976

Thomas Hill Green

1836–1882

Antony Flew

1923–2010

Galen Strawson

John Hick

1922–2012

Bernard Williams

1929–2003

Mary Midgley

R. G. Collingwood

1889–1943

Mary Wollstonecraft

1759–1797

R. M. Hare

1919–2002

A. C. Grayling

Henry Sidgwick

1838–1900

Alan Watts

1915–1973

William of Ockham

1285–1347

Simon Blackburn

P. F. Strawson

1919–2006

William Paley

1743–1805

William Godwin

1756–1836

John McDowell

Michael Oakeshott

1901–1990

William Whewell

1794–1866

Samuel Alexander

1859–1938

Elizabeth Anscombe

1919–2001

Bernard Bosanquet

1848–1923

Colin McGinn

Richard Swinburne

Peter Geach

1916–2013

Michael Dummett

1925–2011

Alasdair MacIntyre

George Boole

1815–1864

Francis Hutcheson

1694–1746

Michael Polanyi

1891–1976

Philippa Foot

1920–2010

Roger Scruton

Harold Joachim

1868–1938

Peter Deunov

1864–1944

Julia Kristeva

Tzvetan Todorov

Isaac Passy

1928–2010

Zhelyu Zhelev

1935–2015

Bernard Lonergan

1904–1984

Adam Morton

Charles Taylor

Marshall McLuhan

1911–1980

David Gauthier

George Grant

1918–1988

Kai Nielsen

Paul Churchland

Leonard Peikoff

Gerald Cohen

1941–2009

Michel Seymour

John Russon

Joseph Owens

1908–2005

William Sweet

Arthur Lipsett

1936–1986

Charles Blattberg

Arthur Schafer

Brian Orend

B. W. Powe

Will Kymlicka

Patricia Churchland

Jan Narveson

John Ralston Saul

Ian Hacking

Mark Kingwell

Ted Honderich

Alison Wylie

John N. Deck

1921–1979

Ronald de Sousa

Sharyn Clough

Raymond Klibansky

1905–2005

David Schmidtz

Grace Jantzen

1948–2002

Lou Marinoff

Emil Fackenheim

1916–2003

Harold Innis

1894–1952

Paul Thagard

Zenon Pylyshyn

David Sztybel

Christopher D. Green

David N. Stamos

Jean Vanier

Michael Ignatieff

James Tully

Angus Taylor

L. W. Sumner

James Robert Brown

Jay Newman

1948–2007

George Blewett

1873–1912

T. A. Goudge

1910–1999

Confucius

551 BC–479 BC

Laozi

604 BC–531 BC

Mencius

372 BC–289 BC

Han Fei

–233 BC

Sun Tzu

–496 BC

Zhu Xi

1130–1200

Wang Yangming

1472–1529

Li Si

280 BC–208 BC

Feng Youlan

1895–1990

Gongsun Long

325 BC–250 BC

Shang Yang

390 BC–338 BC

Zou Yan

305 BC–240 BC

Wang Fuzhi

1619–1692

Dong Zhongshu

179 BC–104 BC

Cheng Yi

1033–1107

Huang Zongxi

1610–1695

Wang Bi

226 AD–249 AD

Sun Yat-sen

1866–1925

Shao Yong

1011–1077

Wang Chong

27 AD–100 AD

Lu Jiuyuan

1139–1192

Zhang Zai

1020–1077

Jin Yuelin

1895–1984

Guo Xiang

252 AD–312 AD

Mou Zongsan

1909–1995

Dai Zhen

1724–1777

Chen Duxiu

1879–1942

Shen Buhai

395 BC–337 BC

Ge Hong

283 AD–343 AD

Hu Shih

1891–1962

Xiong Shili

1885–1968

Li Zhi

1527–1602

Li Kui

455 BC–395 BC

Zichan

–522 BC

Yan Yuan

1635–1704

Zisi

–402 BC

Zengzi

505 BC–435 BC

Yang Xiong

53 BC–18 AD

Alan Watts

1915–1973

Hong Liangji

1746–1809

Huiyuan

334 AD–417 AD

Linji Yixuan

–866 AD

Gaozi

420 BC–350 BC

Hui Shi

380 BC–305 BC

Sengzhao

384 AD–414 AD

Shen Dao

395 BC–315 BC

Zhi Dun

314 AD–366 AD

Chen Hongmou

1696–1771

Wang Fu

78 AD–163 AD

Li Ao

772 AD–841 AD

Jizang

549 AD–623 AD

Václav Havel

1936–2011

John Amos Comenius

1592–1670

Václav Bělohradský

Egon Bondy

1930–2007

Ladislav Klíma

1878–1928

Vilém Flusser

1920–1991

Inocenc Arnošt Bláha

1879–1960

František Klácel

1808–1882

Karel Slavoj Amerling

1807–1884

Ernest Gellner

1925–1995

Erazim Kohák

Plato

–348 BC

Aristotle

384 BC–322 BC

John Locke

1632–1704

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1712–1778

Friedrich Nietzsche

1844–1900

René Descartes

1596–1650

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889–1951

Karl Marx

1818–1883

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

1646–1716

John Stuart Mill

1806–1873

Søren Kierkegaard

1813–1855

Thomas Aquinas

1225–1274

Voltaire

1694–1778

David Hume

1711–1776

Jean-Paul Sartre

1905–1980

Thomas Hobbes

1588–1679

Martin Heidegger

1889–1976

George Berkeley

1685–1753

Adam Smith

1723–1790

Francis Bacon

1561–1626

Niccolò Machiavelli

1469–1527

Jürgen Habermas

Hannah Arendt

1906–1975

Michel Foucault

1926–1984

Simone de Beauvoir

1908–1986

Jacques Derrida

1930–2004

Emmanuel Levinas

1906–1995

Auguste Comte

1798–1857

Jeremy Bentham

1748–1832

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

1908–1961

Bertrand Russell

1872–1970

Albert Camus

1913–1960

Theodor W. Adorno

1903–1969

Gilles Deleuze

1925–1995

Peter Abelard

1079–1142

Thomas Jefferson

1743–1826

G. E. Moore

1873–1958

Isaac Newton

1643–1727

Hans-Georg Gadamer

1900–2002

Friedrich Engels

1820–1895

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac

1714–1780

Noam Chomsky

György Lukács

1885–1971

Henry David Thoreau

1817–1862

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

1809–1865

Roland Barthes

1915–1980

Jean Baudrillard

1929–2007

Epicurus

341 BC–270 BC

Albert Einstein

1879–1955

Isaiah Berlin

1909–1997

Walter Benjamin

1892–1940

Esa Saarinen

Edvard Westermarck

1862–1939

Pentti Linkola

Pekka Himanen

Anders Chydenius

1729–1803

Torsti Lehtinen

Arto Haapala

Leila Haaparanta

Georg Henrik von Wright

1916–2003

Eino Kaila

1890–1958

Jaakko Hintikka

1929–2015

Ilkka Niiniluoto

Timo Airaksinen

Matti Häyry

Erkki Kurenniemi

Sven Krohn

1903–1999

Jean-Paul Sartre

1905–1980

Simone de Beauvoir

1908–1986

René Descartes

1596–1650

Voltaire

1694–1778

Michel Foucault

1926–1984

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1712–1778

Jacques Derrida

1930–2004

Albert Camus

1913–1960

Auguste Comte

1798–1857

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

1908–1961

Montesquieu

1689–1755

Roland Barthes

1915–1980

Jean-François Lyotard

1924–1998

Gilles Deleuze

1925–1995

Blaise Pascal

1623–1662

Paul Ricœur

1913–2005

Denis Diderot

1713–1784

Michel Serres

Henri Bergson

1859–1941

Albert Schweitzer

1875–1965

Michel de Montaigne

1533–1592

Émile Durkheim

1858–1917

Jean Baudrillard

1929–2007

Gaston Bachelard

1884–1962

Louis Althusser

1918–1990

Pierre Bourdieu

1930–2002

Julia Kristeva

Claude Lévi-Strauss

1908–2009

Félix Guattari

1930–1992

Emmanuel Levinas

1906–1995

Étienne Balibar

Luce Irigaray

Marquis de Condorcet

1743–1794

Raymond Aron

1905–1983

Pierre Bayle

1647–1706

Gabriel Marcel

1889–1973

Nicolas Malebranche

1638–1715

Simone Weil

1909–1943

Michel Onfray

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac

1714–1780

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

1717–1783

Peter Abelard

1079–1142

Georges Bataille

1897–1962

Cornelius Castoriadis

1922–1997

Guy Debord

1931–1994

Jean Bodin

1530–1596

Jacques Lacan

1901–1981

Alain Badiou

Charles Fourier

1772–1837

Julien Benda

1867–1956

Étienne Gilson

1884–1978

Friedrich Nietzsche

1844–1900

Karl Marx

1818–1883

Martin Heidegger

1889–1976

Hannah Arendt

1906–1975

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

1749–1832

Jürgen Habermas

Theodor W. Adorno

1903–1969

Hans-Georg Gadamer

1900–2002

Friedrich Engels

1820–1895

Ludwig Feuerbach

1804–1872

Albert Einstein

1879–1955

Max Horkheimer

1895–1973

Friedrich Schiller

1759–1805

Franz Brentano

1838–1917

Max Stirner

1806–1856

Bruno Bauer

1809–1882

Wilhelm Dilthey

1833–1911

Albert Schweitzer

1875–1965

Ernst Cassirer

1874–1945

Moses Mendelssohn

1729–1786

Karl Jaspers

1883–1969

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

1729–1781

Johann Gottfried Herder

1744–1803

Hermann Cohen

1842–1918

Walter Benjamin

1892–1940

Oswald Spengler

1880–1936

Karl Löwith

1897–1973

Rudolf Carnap

1891–1970

Friedrich Albert Lange

1828–1875

Jakob Friedrich Fries

1773–1843

Moritz Schlick

1882–1936

Peter Sloterdijk

Hans Jonas

1903–1993

Erich Fromm

1900–1980

Wilhelm von Humboldt

1767–1835

Moses Hess

1812–1875

Günther Anders

1902–1992

Albertus Magnus

–1280

Carl Gustav Hempel

1905–1997

Arnold Gehlen

1904–1976

Novalis

1772–1801

Edith Stein

1891–1942

Rosa Luxemburg

1871–1919

Herbert Marcuse

1898–1979

Carl Schmitt

1888–1985

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi

1743–1819

Karl Christian Friedrich Krause

1781–1832

Hildegard von Bingen

1098–1179

Max Dessoir

1867–1947

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten

1714–1762

Johann Christoph Gottsched

1700–1766

Plato

–348 BC

Aristotle

384 BC–322 BC

Pythagoras

Thales of Miletus

Epicurus

341 BC–270 BC

Zeno of Elea

490 BC–430 BC

Anaxagoras

Plutarch

45 AD–120 AD

Archimedes

Solon

640 BC–558 BC

Gorgias

484 BC–376 BC

Proclus

412 AD–485 AD

Crates of Thebes

365 BC–285 BC

Arcesilaus

Posidonius

135 BC–51 BC

Eudoxus of Cnidus

409 BC–356 BC

Strabo

65 BC–23 AD

Stilpo

360 BC–280 BC

Metrodorus of Lampsacus

331 BC–277 BC

Galen

130 AD–210 AD

Strato of Lampsacus

335 BC–269 BC

Perictione

Nicomachus

Imre Lakatos

1922–1974

Ágnes Heller

Arthur Koestler

1905–1983

György Márkus

1934–2016

Aurel Kolnai

1900–1973

György Bence

1941–2006

Ervin László

Zoltán Kodály

1882–1967

Michael Polanyi

1891–1976

Péter Pázmány

1570–1637

István Mészáros

Moshe Shmuel Glasner

1856–1924

János Kis

Þorsteinn Gylfason

1942–2005

Vilhjálmur Árnason

Páll Skúlason

1945–2015

Atli Harðarson

Arnór Hannibalsson

1934–2012

Adi Shankara

788 AD–820 AD

Mahatma Gandhi

1869–1948

Swami Vivekananda

1863–1902

Chanakya

371 BC–283 BC

Jiddu Krishnamurti

1895–1986

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

1888–1975

Ramanuja

1017–1137

Sri Aurobindo

1872–1950

Vyasa

Nagarjuna

150 AD–250 AD

Akka Mahadevi

–1160

Rajneesh

1931–1990

Dayananda Saraswati

1824–1883

Amartya Sen

Vidyaranya

1268–1386

B. R. Ambedkar

1891–1956

Kabir

1398–1518

Ramana Maharshi

1879–1950

Debendranath Tagore

1817–1905

Aśvaghoṣa

80 AD–150 AD

Ram Mohan Roy

1772–1833

Hemachandra

1089–1172

Atiśa

980 AD–1054

Agni Shridhar

Babu Gulabrai

1888–1963

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

1820–1891

Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar

1921–1990

Surendranath Dasgupta

1887–1952

Bhartṛhari

Narayana Guru

1856–1928

Ghosha

M. N. Roy

1887–1954

Shishunala Sharif

1819–1889

Ramchandra Gandhi

1937–2007

Shibli Nomani

1857–1914

Kumārila Bhaṭṭa

Vātsyāyana

Jayshree Talwalkar

Sunanda Gandhi

1932–2007

Thiruvalluvar

Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya

1918–1993

Atmananda Krishna Menon

1883–1959

Sri Chinmoy

1931–2007

Sivananda Saraswati

1887–1963

Chinmayananda Saraswati

1916–1993

Udayana

Avicenna

980 AD–1037

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

1201–1274

Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi

1154–1191

Omar Khayyam

1048–1131

Al-Biruni

973 AD–1048

Hossein Nasr

Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i

1904–1981

Miskawayh

932 AD–1030

Abdolkarim Soroush

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi

1149–1209

Hadi Sabzavari

1797–1873

Mir Damad

1561–1631

Mahmoud Khatami

Daryush Shokof

Al-Zamakhshari

1070–1143

Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani

Ramin Jahanbegloo

Dariush Ashoori

Nur Ali Elahi

1895–1974

Afshin Ellian

Ahmad Jalali

Abdoldjavad Falaturi

1926–1996

Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī

1547–1621

Ali Shariati

1933–1977

Morteza Motahhari

1919–1979

Mostafa Malekian

Al-Khazini

1115–1155

Bahmanyār

993 AD–1067

Ruhollah Khomeini

1902–1989

Abu Maʿshar

787 AD–886 AD

Aramesh Dustdar

Shams Tabrizi

1185–1248

Dariush Shayegan

Mohammad-Taqi Ja'fari

1923–1998

Javad Tabatabai

Haji Bektash Veli

1209–1271

Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel

Abu Tahir Marwazi

–1144

Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī

1200–1265

Abdol Hamid Khosro Shahi

Babak Ahmadi

Najm al-Din Razi

1177–1247

George Berkeley

1685–1753

Francis Hutcheson

1694–1746

William Molyneux

1656–1698

Robert Boyle

1627–1691

C. S. Lewis

1898–1963

Herbert McCabe

1926–2001

Philip Pettit

Iris Murdoch

1919–1999

Martin Buber

1878–1965

Avishai Margalit

Adi Ophir

Emil Fackenheim

1916–2003

Yeshayahu Leibowitz

1903–1994

Abraham Isaac Kook

1865–1935

Bracha L. Ettinger

Yehoshua Bar-Hillel

1915–1975

Anat Biletzki

Joseph Raz

A. D. Gordon

1856–1922

Alon Harel

Anatoly Khazanov

Gershom Scholem

1897–1982

David Hartman

1931–2013

Israel Eldad

1910–1996

Karl Marx

1818–1883

Hugo Bergmann

1883–1975

Gustavo Perednik

Avshalom Elitzur

Ernst Simon

1899–1988

Hannah Arendt

1906–1975

Noam Chomsky

Judea Pearl

Joseph Agassi

Moshe Halbertal

Jean-Paul Sartre

1905–1980

Elie Wiesel

1928–2016

Christopher Hitchens

1949–2011

Avigdor Chaim Gold

1881–1980

Niccolò Machiavelli

1469–1527

Thomas Aquinas

1225–1274

Antonio Gramsci

1891–1937

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

1463–1494

Giambattista Vico

1668–1744

Marsilio Ficino

1433–1499

Tommaso Campanella

1568–1639

Julius Evola

1898–1974

Antonio Negri

Benedetto Croce

1866–1952

Giovanni Gentile

1875–1944

Norberto Bobbio

1909–2004

Umberto Eco

1932–2016

Giacomo Leopardi

1798–1837

Giorgio Agamben

Brunetto Latini

1220–1294

Maria Gaetana Agnesi

1718–1799

Gianni Vattimo

Andrea Cesalpino

1519–1603

Bonaventure

1221–1274

Marsilius of Padua

1275–1342

Thomas Cajetan

1469–1534

Vincenzo Gioberti

1801–1852

Alessandro Achillini

1463–1512

Carlo Rosselli

1899–1937

Gian Domenico Romagnosi

1761–1835

Antonio Rosmini-Serbati

1797–1855

Vilfredo Pareto

1848–1923

Maria Montessori

1870–1952

Bernardino Telesio

1509–1588

Pietro Pomponazzi

1462–1525

Leon Battista Alberti

1404–1472

Franciscus Patricius

1529–1597

Peter Lombard

1100–1160

Philip Mazzei

1730–1816

Gaetano Mosca

1858–1941

Francesco de Sanctis

1817–1883

Nicola Abbagnano

1901–1990

Catherine of Siena

1347–1380

Giuseppe Peano

1858–1932

Francesco Algarotti

1712–1764

Cesare Cremonini

1550–1631

Pietro d'Abano

1257–1316

Bruno Leoni

1913–1967

Ernesto Buonaiuti

1881–1946

Gian-Carlo Rota

1932–1999

Luigi Pareyson

1918–1991

Antonio Labriola

1843–1904

Alessandro Piccolomini

1508–1578

Achille Gagliardi

1537–1607

Andrea Bonomì

Tetsuro Watsuji

1889–1960

D. T. Suzuki

1870–1966

Motoori Norinaga

1730–1801

Hakuin Ekaku

1686–1769

Nakae Chōmin

1847–1901

Nishi Amane

1829–1897

Fujiwara Seika

1561–1619

Kūkai

774 AD–835 AD

Arai Hakuseki

1657–1725

Kamo no Mabuchi

1697–1769

Ikki Kita

1883–1937

Takaaki Yoshimoto

1924–2012

Gudō Wafu Nishijima

1919–2014

Keiji Nishitani

1900–1990

Daisaku Ikeda

Shūzō Kuki

1888–1941

George Ohsawa

1893–1966

Ennin

794 AD–864 AD

Inoue Tetsujirō

1856–1944

Yamazaki Ansai

1619–1682

Masanobu Fukuoka

1913–2008

Saneatsu Mushanokōji

1885–1976

Hiroki Azuma

Ikeda Mitsumasa

1609–1682

Yanagi Sōetsu

1889–1961

Itsuo Tsuda

1914–1984

Hyakuzō Kurata

1891–1943

Takeshi Umehara

Matsudaira Sadanobu

1759–1829

Tetsuzō Tanikawa

1895–1989

Hagiwara Hiromichi

1815–1863

Sengaku Mayeda

Sadayoshi Fukuda

1917–2002

Shunpei Ueyama

1921–2012

José Vasconcelos

1882–1959

Gabino Barreda

1818–1881

Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez

1915–2011

Alejandro Rossi

1932–2009

Edmundo O'Gorman

1906–1995

Hector Zagal

Juan Sánchez-Navarro y Peón

1913–2006

Francesca Gargallo

Antonio Caso Andrade

1883–1946

Leopoldo Zea Aguilar

1912–2004

Samuel Ramos

1897–1959

Enrique Dussel

Eduardo Nicol

1907–1990

Ramón Xirau

Nezahualcoyotl

1402–1472

Vicente Lombardo Toledano

1894–1968

Manuel DeLanda

Héctor Aguilar Camín

Herman Philipse

Bas van Fraassen

Afshin Ellian

Bas Haring

Andreas Kinneging

Cornelis Willem Opzoomer

1821–1892

Bernard Delfgaauw

1912–1993

Abraham Kuyper

1837–1920

Herman Dooyeweerd

1894–1977

L. E. J. Brouwer

1881–1966

Evert Willem Beth

1908–1964

Hans Achterhuis

Adriaan Koerbagh

1632–1669

Balthasar Bekker

1634–1698

Gerard Bolland

1854–1922

Egbert Schuurman

Roel Kuiper

Philip Willem van Heusde

1778–1839

Floris van den Berg

Gerardus Heymans

1857–1930

Gerard van der Leeuw

1890–1950

Frank Ankersmit

Johan van Benthem

Cornelis Verhoeven

1928–2001

Titus Brandsma

1881–1942

Paul Cobben

Marc de Vries

Cornelis Drebbel

1572–1633

Cornelius Van Til

1895–1987

Cornelius Jansen

1585–1638

Cornelius de Pauw

1739–1799

Bernard Nieuwentyt

1654–1718

Jacobus Arminius

1560–1609

Isaac Beeckman

1588–1637

Pieter de la Court

1618–1685

Franciscus van den Enden

1602–1674

Rebecca Goldstein

Uriel da Costa

1585–1640

René Gude

1957–2015

François Hemsterhuis

1721–1790

Dirck Coornhert

1522–1590

Johannes Jacobus Poortman

1896–1970

Jacob Klapwijk

Jan Standonck

1453–1504

Johan Quanjer

1934–2001

G. A. den Hartogh

Pim Haselager

Hendrik van Riessen

1911–2000

Hendrik van Eikema Hommes

1930–1984

Arne Næss

1912–2009

Peter Wessel Zapffe

1899–1990

Jon Elster

Lars Svendsen

Dagfinn Føllesdal

Ludvig Holberg

1684–1754

Guttorm Fløistad

Cort Aslakssøn

1564–1624

Seneca the Younger

4 BC–65 AD

Porphyry

233 AD–305 AD

Pliny the Elder

23 AD–79 AD

Gaius Musonius Rufus

25 AD–95 AD

Ptolemy

100 AD–168 AD

Ambrose

337 AD–397 AD

Sallustius

Apuleius

125 AD–170 AD

Troilus

Bano Qudsia

Ashfaq Ahmed

1925–2004

Talib Jauhari

Hasan Askari

1919–1978

Rasheed Turabi

1908–1973

Fazlur Rahman Malik

1919–1988

Manzoor Ahmad

Javed Iqbal

1924–2015

Jon Elia

1931–2002

Rais Amrohvi

1914–1988

Wasif Ali Wasif

1929–1993

Naseer Ahmad Nasir

Meraj Muhammad Khan

1938–2016

Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi

Absar Ahmad

Govinda Chandra Dev

1907–1971

Qaem Amrohvi

1919–1990

Alfred Tarski

1901–1983

Pope John Paul II

1920–2005

Hugo Kołłątaj

1750–1812

Florian Znaniecki

1882–1958

Jan Śniadecki

1756–1830

Leszek Kołakowski

1927–2009

Kazimierz Twardowski

1866–1938

Tadeusz Kotarbiński

1886–1981

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz

1890–1963

Edward Stachura

1937–1979

Stanisław Leśniewski

1886–1939

Roman Ingarden

1893–1970

Władysław Tatarkiewicz

1886–1980

Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz

1885–1939

Stanisław Staszic

1755–1826

Vitello

1230–1275

Leon Chwistek

1884–1944

Stanisław Brzozowski

1878–1911

Karol Libelt

1807–1875

Julian Ochorowicz

1850–1917

Józef Maria Bocheński

1902–1995

Jędrzej Śniadecki

1768–1838

Józef Kremer

1806–1875

Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki

1530–1607

Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński

1776–1853

Krystyn Lach-Szyrma

1790–1866

Antoni Lange

1862–1929

Bohdan Urbankowski

Hermann Friedmann

1873–1957

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1712–1778

Kazimierz Łyszczyński

1634–1689

Zygmunt Bauman

Cyprian Norwid

1821–1883

Stanisław Jaśkowski

1906–1965

Ludwik Fleck

1896–1961

Adam Schaff

1913–2006

Émile Meyerson

1859–1933

Alfred Korzybski

1879–1950

Michał Heller

Jerzy Żuławski

1874–1915

Marian Jaworski

Abraham Joshua Heschel

1907–1972

Mojżesz Presburger

1904–1943

Jan Hartman

Damião de Góis

1502–1574

Agostinho da Silva

1906–1994

José Correia da Serra

1750–1823

Antero de Quental

1842–1891

Isaac Abravanel

1437–1508

Judah Leon Abravanel

1464–1530

António Castanheira Neves

Fernando Pessoa

1888–1935

Uriel da Costa

1585–1640

Pedro da Fonseca

1528–1599

Luís Filipe Teixeira

Pope John XXI

1215–1277

Heliodoro de Paiva

Henry Simpson

Emil Cioran

1911–1995

Mircea Eliade

1907–1986

Constantin Noica

1909–1987

Dimitrie Cantemir

1673–1723

Andrei Pleșu

Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol

1847–1920

Constantin Rădulescu-Motru

1868–1957

Ion Petrovici

1882–1972

Ioan Petru Culianu

1950–1991

Constantin Stere

1865–1936

Christian Tămaș

Constantin Schifirneț

Lucian Blaga

1895–1961

Petre Țuțea

1902–1991

Nae Ionescu

1890–1940

Titu Maiorescu

1840–1917

Ion Heliade Rădulescu

1802–1872

Simion Bărnuțiu

1808–1864

Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu

1900–1954

Gabriel Liiceanu

Stéphane Lupasco

1900–1988

Dumitru D. Roșca

1895–1980

Camil Petrescu

1894–1957

Dimitrie Gusti

1880–1955

Tudor Vianu

1898–1964

Nichifor Crainic

1889–1972

Vintilă Horia

1915–1992

Elie Wiesel

1928–2016

Neagu Djuvara

Leo Tolstoy

1828–1910

Fyodor Dostoyevsky

1821–1881

Aleksey Khomyakov

1804–1860

Pyotr Chaadayev

1794–1856

Georgi Plekhanov

1856–1918

Lev Shestov

1866–1938

Pavel Florensky

1882–1937

Mikhail Bakhtin

1895–1975

Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov

1829–1903

Vasily Rozanov

1856–1919

Aleksei Losev

1893–1988

Nicholas Roerich

1874–1947

Nikolay Chernyshevsky

1828–1889

Alexander Bogdanov

1873–1928

Vyacheslav Ivanov

1866–1949

Konstantin Pobedonostsev

1827–1907

Helena Blavatsky

1831–1891

Ivan Aksakov

1823–1886

Dmitry Galkovsky

Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov

1912–1999

Antiochus Kantemir

1708–1744

Anatoly Khazanov

P. D. Ouspensky

1878–1947

Vladimir Odoyevsky

1803–1869

Semyon Frank

1877–1950

Pitirim Sorokin

1889–1968

Ayn Rand

1905–1982

Aleksandr Dugin

Thomas Aquinas

1225–1274

Augustine of Hippo

354 AD–430 AD

Albertus Magnus

–1280

Bonaventure

1221–1274

Thomas More

1478–1535

Francis of Assisi

–1226

Pope John Paul II

1920–2005

Ambrose

337 AD–397 AD

David Hume

1711–1776

Adam Smith

1723–1790

Adam Ferguson

1723–1816

Thomas Reid

1710–1796

Dugald Stewart

1753–1828

George Campbell

1719–1796

Francis Hutcheson

1694–1746

Edward Caird

1835–1908

Thomas Carlyle

1795–1881

Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet

1788–1856

James Burnett, Lord Monboddo

1714–1799

Thomas Brown

1778–1820

Alexander Henderson

1583–1646

Hector Boece

1465–1536

James Mill

1773–1836

Archibald Alison

1757–1839

Alexander Bain

1818–1903

Alasdair MacIntyre

John Anderson

1893–1962

Michael Scot

1175–1232

W. D. Ross

1877–1971

Neil MacCormick

1941–2009

George Croom Robertson

1842–1892

John Campbell

Gershom Carmichael

1672–1729

John Millar

1735–1801

William Cleghorn

1718–1754

John Major

1467–1550

John Veitch

1829–1894

Robert Adamson

1852–1902

Henry Scrimgeour

1505–1572

Herbert James Paton

1887–1969

George Young

1692–1757

Patrick Edward Dove

1815–1873

Branislav Petronijević

1875–1954

Nikola Milošević

1929–2007

Dejan Stojanović

Mihailo Đurić

1925–2011

Radomir Konstantinović

1928–2011

Dimitrije Mitrinović

1887–1953

Zoran Đinđić

1952–2003

Vladimir Jovanović

1833–1922

Charles Simic

Noam Chomsky

Vladimir Lenin

1870–1924

Leo Tolstoy

1828–1910

Evald Ilyenkov

1924–1979

Nikolai Berdyaev

1874–1948

Nikolay Lossky

1870–1965

Vladimir Vernadsky

1863–1945

Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov

1912–1999

Ayn Rand

1905–1982

Arthur Koestler

1905–1983

Averroes

1126–1198

George Santayana

1863–1952

Baltasar Gracián

1601–1658

Miguel de Unamuno

1864–1936

Francisco Suárez

1548–1617

Avempace

1095–1138

Abraham ibn Ezra

1089–1167

Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora

1645–1700

Abraham bar Hiyya

1070–1136

Gregorio Marañón

1887–1960

Fernando Savater

María Zambrano

1904–1991

José Gaos

1900–1969

Julián Marías

1914–2005

Isidore of Seville

560 AD–636 AD

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

1494–1573

Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez

1915–2011

Xavier Zubiri

1898–1983

Eduardo Nicol

1907–1990

Juan Donoso Cortés

1809–1853

Francisco Elías de Tejada y Spínola

1917–1978

Ramón Xirau

Juan David García Bacca

1901–1995

Chantal Maillard

Emilio Lledó

Paul B. Preciado

Fernando Rielo

1923–2004

Gómez Pereira

1500–1567

Antonio Millan Puelles

1921–2005

Juan Eusebio Nieremberg

1595–1658

Raimon Panikkar

1918–2010

Leonardo Polo

1926–2013

Francesc Pujols

1882–1962

John of the Cross

1542–1591

Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos

1744–1811

Francisco de Vitoria

1492–1546

Ibn Tufail

1105–1185

Ibn Hazm

994 AD–1064

Josep Maria Terricabras i Nogueras

Joseph Albo

1380–1444

Abiathar Crescas

José Ortega y Gasset

1883–1955

Antonio Comellas y Cluet

1832–1884

Mateo Aimerich

1715–1799

Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera

1225–1290

Isaac ben Sheshet

1326–1408

Francisco Zumel

1540–1607

Emanuel Swedenborg

1688–1772

Nick Bostrom

Pontus Wikner

1837–1888

Per Bauhn

Bertil Mårtensson

Sissela Bok

Per Martin-Löf

Boetius of Dacia

–1284

Sven Lönborg

1871–1959

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1712–1778

Carl Jung

1875–1961

Jean Piaget

1896–1980

Henri-Frédéric Amiel

1821–1881

Dominik Perler

Armin Mohler

1920–2003

Jonael Schickler

1976–2002

Albert Einstein

1879–1955

Jakob Ammann

Karl Jaspers

1883–1969

Richard Avenarius

1843–1896

Alain de Botton

Peter Bieri

Philipp Albert Stapfer

1766–1840

Johann Jakob Bachofen

1815–1887

Charles Secrétan

1815–1895

Max Frisch

1911–1991

Johann Kaspar Lavater

1741–1801

Rudolf Steiner

1861–1925

Johann Heinrich Lambert

1728–1777

Ernst Ehrlich

1921–2007

Joseph Widmer

1779–1844

Joseph Heinrich Aloysius Gügler

1782–1827

Plato

–348 BC

Aristotle

384 BC–322 BC

Immanuel Kant

1724–1804

Socrates

–399 BC

Friedrich Nietzsche

1844–1900

René Descartes

1596–1650

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1712–1778

John Locke

1632–1704

David Hume

1711–1776

Baruch Spinoza

1632–1677

Jean-Paul Sartre

1905–1980

John Stuart Mill

1806–1873

Ludwig Wittgenstein

1889–1951

Karl Marx

1818–1883

Thomas Aquinas

1225–1274

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

1646–1716

Thomas Hobbes

1588–1679

Confucius

551 BC–479 BC

Arthur Schopenhauer

1788–1860

Epicurus

341 BC–270 BC

Bertrand Russell

1872–1970

Voltaire

1694–1778

Niccolò Machiavelli

1469–1527

Michel Foucault

1926–1984

Martin Heidegger

1889–1976

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

1770–1831

Francis Bacon

1561–1626

Albert Camus

1913–1960

Avicenna

980 AD–1037

Heraclitus

535 BC–475 BC

Simone de Beauvoir

1908–1986

George Berkeley

1685–1753

Søren Kierkegaard

1813–1855

John Dewey

1859–1952

Auguste Comte

1798–1857

Hannah Arendt

1906–1975

William James

1842–1910

Blaise Pascal

1623–1662

Adam Smith

1723–1790

Jacques Derrida

1930–2004

Augustine of Hippo

354 AD–430 AD

Jeremy Bentham

1748–1832

Henry David Thoreau

1817–1862

Laozi

604 BC–531 BC

John Rawls

1921–2002

Parmenides

Diogenes

412 BC–323 BC

Averroes

1126–1198

Seneca the Younger

4 BC–65 AD

Albert Einstein

1879–1955

Albert Schweitzer

1875–1965

İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi

1703–1780

Seyla Benhabib

Alev Alatlı

İoanna Kuçuradi

Mehmet Aydın

İbrahim Özdemir

Strabo

65 BC–23 AD

Necip Fazıl Kısakürek

1904–1983

Bilge Karasu

1930–1995

Nihal Atsız

1905–1975

Ahmed Hulusi

Cleanthes

330 BC–233 BC

Mykhailo Drahomanov

1841–1895

Vladimir Vernadsky

1863–1945

Oksana Zabuzhko

Myroslav Popovych

Nikolai Amosov

1913–2002

Elie Wiesel

1928–2016

Serhiy Krymsky

1930–2010

Solomiia Pavlychko

1958–1999

Plato

–348 BC

Socrates

–399 BC

Friedrich Nietzsche

1844–1900

René Descartes

1596–1650

Thomas Hobbes

1588–1679

Augustine of Hippo

354 AD–430 AD